Pharaoh Cleopatra Facts

Cleopatra, (Greek: “Famous in Her Father”)in full Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (“Cleopatra the Father-Loving Goddess”), (born 70/69 bce—died 30 bce, Alexandria), Egyptian queen, famous in and drama as the lover of and later as the wife of. She became queen on the death of her father, in 51 bce and ruled successively with her two brothers (51–47) and (47–44) and her son (44–30).

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, was one of the most famous women in history.Her name was Cleopatra VII Philopator and she ruled Ancient Egypt for 21 years. She was the last of the Pharaohs set up in Egypt by Alexander the Great. See the fact file below for more information on the Cleopatra or alternatively, you can download our 25-page Cleopatra worksheet pack to utilise within the classroom. Cleopatra: Lessons from the last Egyptian Pharaoh. Cleopatra’s romance with legendary Roman Generals Julius Ceasar and later on Mark Anthony propelled her onto the world stage, and without doubt contributed significantly to her legend.

After the armies of Octavian (the future emperor ) defeated their combined forces, committed suicide, and Egypt fell under Roman domination. Actively influenced Roman politics at a crucial period, and she came to represent, as did no other woman of antiquity, the of the femme fatale.

With the arrival of the conquering Octavian (the future Roman emperor ), Cleopatra’s husband, committed suicide under the false impression that she was dead. After burying him, the 39-year-old Cleopatra took her own life, though how is uncertain. Some claim it was by means of an, the symbol of divine royalty. Life and reignDaughter of King, Cleopatra was destined to become the last queen of the Macedonian that ruled Egypt between the death of in 323 bce and its annexation by Rome in 30 bce.

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The line had been founded by Alexander’s general Ptolemy, who became King of Egypt. Cleopatra was of Macedonian descent and had little, if any, Egyptian blood, although the Classical author wrote that she alone of her house took the trouble to learn and, for political reasons, styled herself as the new, a title that distinguished her from the earlier Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra III, who had also claimed to be the living embodiment of the goddess Isis. Coin portraits of Cleopatra show a alive rather than beautiful, with a sensitive mouth, firm chin, liquid eyes, broad forehead, and prominent nose.

When Ptolemy XII died in 51 bce, the throne passed to his young son, and daughter, Cleopatra VII. It is likely, but not proven, that the two married soon after their father’s death. The 18-year-old Cleopatra, older than her brother by about eight years, became the dominant ruler.

Evidence shows that the first decree in which Ptolemy’s name precedes Cleopatra’s was in October of 50 bce. Soon after, Cleopatra was forced to flee Egypt for, where she raised an army and in 48 bce returned to face her brother at, on Egypt’s eastern border. The murder of the Roman general, who had sought refuge from Ptolemy XIII at Pelusium, and the arrival of brought temporary peace. Relief of Cleopatra as a goddess, c. 69–30 bce, Temple of Hathor, Dandarah, Egypt. Silvio Fiore/SuperstockCleopatra realized that she needed Roman support, or, more specifically, Caesar’s support, if she was to regain her throne. Each was determined to use the other.

Caesar sought money for repayment of the debts incurred by Cleopatra’s father, Auletes, as he struggled to retain his throne. Cleopatra was determined to keep her throne and, if possible, to restore the glories of the first Ptolemies and recover as much as possible of their dominions, which had included southern Syria. Became lovers and spent the winter besieged in.

Roman reinforcements arrived the following spring, and Ptolemy XIII fled and drowned in the. Cleopatra, now married to her brother Ptolemy XIV, was restored to her throne. In June 47 bce she gave birth to (known to the people of Alexandria as Caesarion, or “little Caesar”). Whether Caesar was the father of Caesarion, as his name implies, cannot now be known. It took Caesar two years to extinguish the last flames of Pompeian opposition. As soon as he returned to Rome, in 46 bce, he celebrated a four-day triumph—the ceremonial in honour of a general after his victory over a foreign enemy—in which, Cleopatra’s younger and hostile sister, was paraded.

Cleopatra paid at least one state visit to Rome, accompanied by her husband-brother and son. She was accommodated in Caesar’s private villa beyond the and may have been present to witness the dedication of a golden statue of herself in the temple of Venus Genetrix, the ancestress of the Julian family to which Caesar belonged. Cleopatra was in Rome when Caesar was murdered in 44 bce. Cleopatra and Mark Antony Overview of the fall of Egypt, with a detailed discussion of Cleopatra's relationship with Mark Antony.

Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, MainzSoon after her return to Alexandria, in 44 bce, Cleopatra’s coruler, Ptolemy XIV, died. Cleopatra now ruled with her infant son, Ptolemy XV Caesar. When, at the in 42 bce, Caesar’s assassins were routed, became the heir apparent of Caesar’s authority—or so it seemed, for Caesar’s great-nephew and personal heir, was but a sickly boy. Antony, now controller of Rome’s eastern territories, sent for Cleopatra so that she might explain her role in the aftermath of Caesar’s assassination. She set out for Tarsus in loaded with gifts, having delayed her departure to heighten Antony’s expectation.

She entered the city by sailing up the Cydnus River in a barge while dressed in the robes of the new Isis. Antony, who equated himself with the god, was.

Forgetting his wife, who in Italy was doing her best to maintain her husband’s interests against the growing menace of young Octavian, Antony returned to Alexandria, where he treated Cleopatra not as a “protected” but as an independent monarch. In Alexandria, Cleopatra and Antony formed a society of “inimitable livers” whose members lived what some historians have interpreted as a life of and folly and others have interpreted as lives dedicated to the cult of the mystical god Dionysus.In 40 bce Cleopatra gave birth to twins, whom she named Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene. Antony had already left Alexandria to return to Italy, where he was forced to conclude a temporary settlement with Octavian. As part of this settlement, he married Octavian’s sister, Octavia (Fulvia having died).

Three years later Antony was convinced that he and Octavian could never come to terms. His marriage to Octavia now an irrelevance, he returned to the east and reunited with Cleopatra. Antony needed Cleopatra’s financial support for his postponed Parthian campaign; in return, Cleopatra requested the return of much of Egypt’s eastern empire, including large portions of Syria and and even the rich balsam groves of.The Parthian campaign was a costly failure, as was the temporary conquest of. Nevertheless, in 34 bce Antony celebrated a triumphal return to Alexandria. This was followed by a celebration known as “the Donations of Alexandria.” Crowds flocked to the Gymnasium to see Cleopatra and Antony seated on golden thrones on a silver platform with their children sitting on slightly lower thrones beside them. Antony proclaimed Caesarion to be Caesar’s son—thus Octavian, who had been adopted by Caesar as his son and heir, to legal illegitimacy. Cleopatra was hailed as queen of kings, Caesarion as king of kings.

Alexander Helios was awarded Armenia and the territory beyond the Euphrates, his infant brother Ptolemy the lands to the west of it. The boys’ sister, Cleopatra Selene, was to be ruler of Cyrene. It was clear to Octavian, watching from Rome, that Antony intended his to rule the civilized world. Octavian seized Antony’s will (or what he claimed to be Antony’s will) from the temple of the, to whom it had been entrusted, and revealed to the Roman people that not only had Antony bestowed Roman possessions on a foreign woman but intended to be buried beside her in Egypt. The rumour quickly spread that Antony also intended to transfer the capital from Rome to Alexandria.Antony and Cleopatra spent the winter of 32–31 bce in Greece. The Roman Senate deprived Antony of his prospective consulate for the following year, and it then declared war against Cleopatra.

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The naval, in which Octavian faced the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra on September 2, 31 bce, was a disaster for the Egyptians. Antony and Cleopatra fled to, and Cleopatra retired to her as Antony went off to fight his last battle.

Receiving the false news that Cleopatra had died, Antony fell on his sword. In a last excess of devotion, he had himself carried to Cleopatra’s retreat and there died, after bidding her to make her peace with Octavian.Cleopatra buried Antony and then committed suicide. The means of her death is uncertain, though Classical writers came to believe that she had killed herself by means of an, symbol of divine royalty. She was 39 and had been a queen for 22 years and Antony’s partner for 11. They were buried together, as both of them had wished, and with them was buried the.